Written by Emily Kim

Hello,my name is Emily.I am a researcher and educator.

 

Net Zero 101: What, Why, and How

 

What is Net Zero?

 

Net zero refers to achieving a balance between the amount of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emitted into the atmosphere and the amount removed. This means that any carbon dioxide (CO₂) and other GHGs released by human activities—such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial processes—are offset by removing an equivalent amount from the atmosphere through natural or technological means.

 

Net zero is not the same as zero emissions, as some sectors (like aviation) may still produce emissions that are difficult to eliminate completely. Instead, these residual emissions are counterbalanced by carbon removal methods, such as reforestation, carbon capture and storage (CCS), or direct air capture (DAC).

 

Why is Net Zero Important?

 

The push for net zero stems from the urgent need to combat climate change. The Earth’s average temperature has already risen by about 1.2°C since pre-industrial times, leading to more frequent and severe weather events, rising sea levels, and ecosystem disruptions. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) warns that limiting global warming to 1.5°C—the threshold to avoid catastrophic impacts—requires global carbon emissions to reach net zero by 2050.

 

What are the key reasons to reach net zero?

 

  • Prevent Climate Catastrophe – Reducing emissions slows global warming, protecting vulnerable communities from extreme weather, food shortages, and displacement.
  • Economic Benefits – Transitioning to clean energy creates jobs in renewable sectors, reduces healthcare costs from pollution, and fosters sustainable industries.
  • Energy Security – Shifting from fossil fuels to renewables reduces dependence on volatile energy markets.
  • Legal & Policy Commitments – Many countries have signed the Paris Agreement, pledging net zero targets. Businesses also face increasing pressure from investors and regulators to decarbonize.

 

How Can We Achieve Net Zero?

 

Reaching net zero requires systemic changes across industries, governments, and individual behaviors. Here’s how it can be done:

 

1. Transition to Renewable Energy

  • Replace coal, oil, and gas with solar, wind, hydro, and geothermal power.

  • Invest in energy storage (like batteries) to manage intermittent renewable supply.

 

2. Electrify Transportation & Industry

  • Shift to electric vehicles (EVs) and expand public transport.

  • Use green hydrogen and electrification in heavy industries like steel and cement production.

 

3. Improve Energy Efficiency

  • Retrofit buildings with better insulation and smart energy systems.
  • Adopt circular economy practices to minimize waste in manufacturing.

 

4. Scale Up Carbon Removal

  • Expand forests, wetlands, and mangroves to absorb CO₂ naturally.
  • Develop carbon capture technologies to extract CO₂ from the air and store it underground.

 

5. Policy & Financial Support

  • Governments must enforce carbon pricing, subsidies for renewables, and stricter emissions regulations.
  • Businesses should adopt science-based targets and disclose climate risks.
  • Individuals can reduce their carbon footprint by eating less meat, using sustainable transport, and supporting green policies.

 

Net zero is not just an environmental goal but a necessity for a sustainable future. While the challenge is immense, the solutions—renewable energy, innovation, and global cooperation—are within reach. Every sector, government, and individual has a role to play in cutting emissions and securing a livable planet for future generations.